The Manager’s profile
| Skill area | Skill examples | Activity examples | Attitude examples |
| Leadership | | | |
| Change management | | | |
| Operational Planning | | | |
| Team performance | | | |
| Strategic planning | · Team management · Visioning | · Facilitating team meetings · Feedback sessions with team members · Developing Gannt charts | Self-confidence Flexibility Supportive Taking risks |
| Human Resource Development | | | |
| Conflict Management | | | |
| Meeting management | | | |
| Project management | | | |
| Problem solutions | | | |
| Motivation | | | |
| Information management | | | |
| Basic Finance | | | |
| Communication | | | |
| Knowledge in specific expert areas | | | |
| Time management | | | |
Table 9.1 Differences between the ‘engineering’ and ‘enlightenment’ models of how research influences policy
| Engineering or problem-solving model | Enlightenment model |
| Sees relationship between research and policy as rational and sequential. | Sees relationship as indirect and not necessarily logical or neat. |
| A problem exists because basic research has identified it. | Problems are not always recognized, or at least not immediately. |
| Applied research is undertaken to help solve the problem. | There may be a considerable period of time between research and its impact on policy. Much research develops new ways of thinking rather than solutions to specific problems. |
| Research is then applied to helping solve the policy problem. Research produces a preferred policy situation. | The way in which research influences policy is complex and hidden. Policy makers may not want to act on results. |
| Rarely or never describes how the relationship between research and policy works in practice. | How research influences policy is indirectly via a ‘black box’, the functioning of which is hidden rather than explained. |
Other researchers saw the use of research in the entirely political terms as an instrument to be used by government and powerful interest groups to promote their causes. This strategic models views research as ammunition to support pre-determined positions or to delay or obstruct politically uncomfortable decisions. (Weiss, 1979).
Types of Research
Applied Research seeks the specific knowledge necessary to improve the treatment of a particular disease.
Basic Biomedical Research is conducted to increase understanding of fundamental life processes, such as discovering the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – one-half of the genetic code of life – or investigating the genetics of lipid disease. The AHA funds this type of research.
Clinical Research is a synonym of fundamental research, which is the study of life processes that are universal in their application to scientific knowledge.
Directed Research is conducted by an investigator in response to an outside request to explore a specific scientific area or question. Corporate or foundation donations tagged for research allow the AHA to sponsor such projects as the AHA-Bugher Foundation Awards for the Investigation of Stroke.
Fundamental Research studies life processes that are universal in their application to scientific knowledge.
Investigator-Initiated Research investigates a question or hypothesis that the researcher has defined. The AHA’s publicly donated dollars are used to support this type of research.
Outcomes Research focused upon the end results of health care, the tangible and quantifiable manifestations of disease upon patients and society and the determinants of these outcomes.
Population Health Research is the science and art of studying the distribution and determinants of health status as influenced by social, economic and physical environments, human biology, health policy and services and of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health at the population levels.
Strategically Focused Research focuses on science areas that the Association has determined are important to achieving its mission and strategic objectives.
Targeted Research is a synonym for directed research.
Translational Research takes a result from basic or fundamental science and studies its applicability in the clinical or human situation. Another type of translational research addresses the adoption of prevention and treatment strategies that have been demonstrated to be effective through clinical research in the care of patients and in population-based prevention of conditions such as heart disease and stroke.
Source:
